Web-publishing The Last Statement of the SLA in my Presslord.com sure isn't on par with publishing it in Hearst newspapers but in keeping with tradition I am publishing it in full. This document was not kind to my scanner and OCR program so my editing stresses readability. No effort has been made to alter or edit the original content, just make it readable. It is true to the original but not exact. Some but not much may be lost in the translation, mostly grammar and spelling details. That said this is a fascinating and important document. Save it!
COLOR CODING: In order to help track of who is saying what I have color coded. Another note: "Cin" "cm" or "Gin" refers to "Cincue/Donald Defreeze". Here is the color coding
Russ: Russel Little, Red since R is the first letter of his name.
Bill: Bill Harris, Brown (actually a dark red) since B is the first letter of his name.
Emily: Emily Harris, Purple or violet
Joe Remiro: Green
Comments and footnotes: Black
Russ: Everyone with a radio, a TV, or a newspaper subscription has been flooded with stories about the SLA for more than two years now. With the exception of a few small non-sectarian radical publications, the SLA has been consciously distorted and misrepresented by those writing about it, in an effort to reinforce whatever version of reality they wanted to impose on their audience. For the capitalist class, the SLA was a gang of deranged terrorists, escaped convicts, and drug-crazed freaks bent on mindless violence; for most of the Marxist left, the SLA was either a CIA plot to discredit revolutionaries in the eyes of the "masses" or a gang of gun-toting, bomb-throwing anarchists; and for many anarchists, the SLA
was a group of Stalinists gone berserk The reasons that we, as members of the SLA, failed to straighten out some of this mess are many and varied but hopefully this pamphlet will help destroy the myths that have previously surrounded the SLA.The four of us have been through very different experiences since Joe's and my capture on Jan.
10, 1974. From that point on, Joe and I were locked-down in isolation cells with nothing but Hearst newspapers to keep us informed of the SLA's subsequent actions and Emily and Bill were forced into assuming new identities, living as hunted fugitives, while still continuing to function as active revolutionaries. After Bill and Emily were captured on Sept. 18, 1975, we were able to see each other in Los Angeles County Jail where Joe and I were being tried on the original shoot-out charges stemming from our capture and where they are being tried on numerous charges arising from a shooting incident at Mel's Sporting Goods store on May 16, 1974.During the 40 hours of court-
ordered joint legal interviews we managed to get, we discussed each of our perspectives on the SLA and decided to publish an interview that would give people a better grasp of what the SLA was all about. We have attempted not only to show the SLA as it really was but also to point out the positive and negative aspects that we more or less collectively agree upon at present.The most common criticism we have gotten from comrades who read the original articles is that we did not say enough about what our politics are today. In the amount of time we had together in the Los Angeles County Jail, there was simply not enough time to ful
ly discuss, analyze, and struggle around all of the points we would like to deal with. Trying to engage in that process given our present separation just does not work. Although we love and support each other totally, the four of us do not presently have the high degree of theoretical unity necessary to put together a comprehensive collective political perspective that truly represents each of our politics as they have evolved up to this point.Some people also thought we were admitting defeat or letting down our six fallen comrades by publicly pronouncing the end of the SLA as a functional guerrilla organization, but that is definitely not the case. It is important that people deal with reality, not myths and images. To continue the SL.A would be misleading. Such would hinder rather than help all progressive struggles. We are proud of the SLA and our role in it. The SLA was seen by those of us in it
as a means of fighting back- - social revolution was and is our ultimate goal. We are engaged in the same struggles today that we and our comrades were engaged in as members of the SLA- - trying to learn from our successes and mistakes and to continue moving forward.1973:
THE BIRTH OF THE SLABill
: The original group, Nancy, Willie, Mizmoon and Cin, decided to draft a program of revolutionary ideas and objectives for a multi-national organization. They took the program around and showed it to a lot of community people and a few Bay Area organizations. They got a really mixed reaction to it--most people didn't feel it was practical to try to form multiracial units. At this point, they developed the concept of the Symbionese Federation- -autonomous combat units that would operate underground (Symbionese Liberation Army) and an aboveground political support infrastructure, At the same time they started training and getting supplies and equipment.
Emily
: Cin went off to train with a group of revolutionary Black Nationalists for a while and considered staying with them. He didn't feel it was his responsibility to work with white revolutionaries, but it was a question of who was able to start moving on a military-political level the quickest--that's why he went back to Willie, Nancy and Mizmoon. Actually the blacks he had stayed with became a part of the Symbionese Federation later and were in the process of getting a black SLA combat unit together when Joe and Russ were busted. Gin intended to join that unit once they got organized and were ready to move. In the meantime, he was working with the original group and with the support network they were recruiting.They didn't take the classical Marxist-Leninist approach to revolutionary struggle. The people who made up the SLA were influenced by the interplay between Marxism, revolutionary nationalism and revolutionary feminism. The SLA was based on the need to develop a guerrilla front with the above ground political organizing educates and mobilizes people in support of revolution, and on the belief that we don't need to wait for a vanguard party to lead us. The SLA saw the idea of federation among many diverse, autonomous groups as an alternative form of organizing to the party.
Implicit within the concept of federation is a type of flexibility that doesn't exist in the democratic-centralist structure of a Leninist party. That is the area of selective participation. If one or more elements within the federation do not support a particular action, they are not forced to participate. And, of course, one of the principles of federation is the freedom to totally withdraw from
it.Russ
: The main difference between the federation concept and the original idea was that the federation took into account the antagonisms and distrust that exist among progressive people in this country, and allowed each group to retain its autonomy and self-reliance while still being able to coordinate activities with other groups around common needs and objectives. It leaves space for revolutionary nationalists to retain a separate stance but still work with other units. The same would apply for revolutionary women separatists and also for groups with different political philosophies- -as long as there was a basic belief in the necessity to use armed force to destroy U. S. corporate fascism. Each individual unit was free to determine its particular composition and structure. In other words, you could conceivably have units composed of revolutionary blacks or Chicanos or native Americans or Puerto Ricans or whites or women or men or gays or Marxists or anarchists.The idea was that when a new combat cell federated with the SLA,
Bill
: The long run aim of the SLA was to work toward the annihilation of U. S. imperialism and the culture and institutions that support it. The building of a people' s army wasn't seen as an end, but as a means to achieve popular freedom to build a society that was free of racism, sexism and classism; a society where there were no elites, no oppressive bureaucracy.The short-run aim was to build an organized military/political infrastructure while carrying out actions that grew from the day-to day conditions of a particular region. The SLA wanted to remain relatively small, develop their skills, set up networks in various west coast cities and gradually refine their political perspective as conditions changed. They would test out their theories through guerrilla action, probing the enemy's weak spots, analyze the attitudes of people in their communities as to what would be acceptable actions to take, and check their ultimate response in order to refine tactics, techniques and overall strategy.
We never had the sense that the
SLA was "the vanguard" of revolutionary struggle in this country. Ain't no way that a handful of people are going to make a revolution by themselves. But we had a strong feeling that the SLA and groups like it were contributing to the process of revolution, trying to put ideas into practice so that people (including ourselves) could learn from the process, criticize and evaluate it so it could be better in the future.Emily: A. lot of people in the left feel that the underground is premature-
- that there are still legal options open to people and that an underground isn't necessary until all these options have been subverted. But we have seen that people's options are being continually undermined and that when their efforts become a threat to the status quo then they're wiped out, locked-up, neutralized and/or bought off the way the early women's movement was after the turn of the century, the way the Civil Rights movement, the anti-war movement and the Black Panthers were in the 6O's. We feel that the underground needs to be developed as a force- -to be building its skills and refining its political perspective so that as legal methods for change are cut off, we won't be caught off guard and unprepared.Violence in this country isn't unique to the revolutionary underground. There's been state initiated and sanctioned violence against people in the United States ever since this country was first colonized, and people have been forced to turn to their own forms of violence to counter that. Revolutionary violence is simply a response- -an extreme measure to counter extreme conditions. But I don't think that people will fully accept the use of violence until they've seen, through their own experience, the nature of the forces against them, and realize there's something we can do-about.
For instance there's a part of the women's movement that says revolutionary violence is macho and that we should use our sensitivity and understanding as women to institute change peacefully. But that isn't always practical or possible when Women see their kids hungry and are themselves subjected to things like forced sterilization-
- a form of genocide against future generations. I think many women who take a position against violence are basically the women who have the privilege to do so. Many women are forced to exist in a very violent atmosphere fighting for their own survival- -both materially and psychologically.Emily: Cin's escape from Soledad on March 5, 1973, was really the catalyst for the SLA. Bill and I did not know Cin at the time but Russ and Willie had known him at Vacaville. Cin escaped alone and on foot- a guard who was supposed to be watching him while he worked on the heating system got lazy and Cin saw the opportunity he'd been waiting for. He jumped over a barbed-wire and chain link fence and ran 13 or 14 miles at a slow jog. Every time he'd hear a car coming or spotted it's lights in the distance, he'd jump into the brush at. the side of Highway 101. By daylight he had gotten to Gonza1ès where some stranger gave him clothes and food. Willie drove down and brought., him back to Oakland. That spring, Willie was living in a loose commune on Chabot Road with Russ Little and some other' people, and was afraid the house might be hot because several of them had known Gin in prison so he arranged for Gin to move into Mizmoon's apartment. She had been active in the Bay Area women's movement but wasn't mixed up with the prisons, so Willie figured the police wouldn't be likely' to look there for an escaped con.
Bill: Cin was really self-reliant At first it wasn't possible for him to go to the shooting range or out to the country to practice with a gun. 'So he'd stand in front of a mirror for hours just aiming at his image. As a result, when he did finally go out with Mizmoon and Nancy, he was the best shot. even though they'd had a lot more target practice. In another case, after Russ and Joe got busted, the SLA had to break off contact with the
support unit that used to make carbines into automatics, so Cin rented some welding equipment and decided to learn to do it himself. He welded for 12 hours, fucking up constantly- -he didn't know the right mixture of oxygen and acetylene- - but he kept trying and he finally figured it out.Emily. Cin was like a lot of men who haven't had much exposure to conscious women, but he was open to struggling around his attitudes. One of the first things he said when I met him later was that I should challenge him on his sexism. And he certainly wasn't dominant in political discussions. The only time he'd get excited is when he thought someone hadn't really internalized some aspect of racism. He usually talked less than anyone else.
I think he felt like he'd missed out on a lot of things being in prison, so he put in more time listening to other people. He was in a hurry. He felt like 30 years of his life were gone and now he was going to do it. In a way, impatience was one of the biggest problems for all of us, but Cin wouldn't even sleep--always thinking, writing, plotting. He was a really committed person.
After Cin's escape, he shared his ideas with Willie and Mizmoon. He wanted to form an underground group that could carry out clandestine operations against the state. I didn't know him then, but I do remember seeing him at a meeting around Wounded Knee. He was slowly getting to know people and make contacts. One of these folks was Nancy Ling Perry.
I did not get to know either Nancy or Mizmoon well until after Russ and Joe got busted, and then we never talked about their back-rounds much because we were struggling to survive. But I do know that Nancy felt a lot of solidarity with the black liberation struggle. She had lived with Gilbert Perry, a black jazz pianist and composer, and had visited several brothers in prison. Mizmoon worked as a janitor at the Berkeley Public Library and had done a lot of organizing with the city employees to get more women hired to city jobs. Willie had been on the periphery of Venceremos* like Bill and me, organizing around community issues, teaching self-defense classes and participating in study groups. His main political work was in the prisons, providing a link between progressive convicts and the movement on the streets.
* a radical Maoist organization with a heavy emphasis on armed self defense.
Camilla Hall did not join the original group until after the Foster assassination. She was a beautiful artist and a poet and a close friend and lover of Mizmoon. Because Camilla was a lesbian, I think a lot of women wonder why she would join a group like the SLA that was made up of men as well as women, but Camilla was not a separatist. She enjoyed working with women and she felt that the methods of the women's struggle had to be expanded. She didn't feel that working with men on that level would interfere with her lesbian-feminist ideals because she believed that women's oppression did not exist in isolation from the oppression of other people.
NOV. 6, 1973: THE MARCUS FOSTER ASSASSINATION
Emily: The conviction of Joe Remiro and Russell Little for the killing of Marcus Foster was a total frame-up. Neither Joe, Russ, Angela, Bill nor I was even in the SLA at the time of the Foster assassination. We first heard of the Foster shooting from reading daily newspaper accounts, but after Joe and Russ' capture, members of the SLA. told us what had happened. It was the first public action by the SLA. Marcus Foster and Robert Blackburn were chosen as targets because they were the main proponents of a Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA.) pilot program to link up educational institutions with police agencies. It involved police units patrolling the Oakland schools with shotguns; a photo ID program where students would be required to present their ID's on request and could be detained for questioning if they refused; and a biographical-dossier program where information on students could be fed into national computer banks in an attempt to predict categorize and remove any "troublemakers." The lives and well being of the students were at stake- - the program was really a means of herding "problem kids" out of the schools and into the prisons. No matter how you look at it, an armed presence in the schools is just the beginning in teaching conditioned acceptance to the occupation of whole communities.
Russ: The program was supposed to be implemented by setting up an extensive spy system at each of seven pilot schools under the command of a former police sergeant. The system was to be coordinated with a probation department, youth authority (youth prison), juvenile hail and the Oakland Police Department- -all of which had a hand in training these informants (they called them monitors) at each school and in sharing and contributing to the bio-dossiers (composite files) of each student. In the LEAA documents that we saw at our trial, these agencies, along with the schools themselves, are euphemistically called "youth-serving agencies" and it was explained that "centralization and coordination is necessary" in order to maintain control.
The SLA should have explained specifically what LEAA-funding of the program implied. It should have been pointed out that the LEAA is part of the "Justice" Department, as is the FBI, and was set up to provide funding for local police agencies with the intention of generating a nationally centralized police force. The Foster program
was actually a LEAA pilot program that was initiated simultaneously in many other urban areas while appearing to be locally generated.Bill
: I found out much later that Nancy, Mizmoon and Cin were the ones who carried out the action. They had to station themselves in a position where Foster and Blackburn would pass them going to their car after the school board meeting on November 6. Cin stationed himself off to the side in some bushes as backup in case they needed help. Both Nancy and Mizmoon had cyanide bullets in their guns, and as soon as Foster and Blackburn walked by, they fired at them. Mizmoon shot Foster, but Nancy missed Blackburn almost completely and only hit him in the arm. As he ran out of the range of their handguns, Gin seriously wounded him with a shotgun blast.Hearst has testified that it was
Mizmoon, Nancy and Gin who shot Foster and Blackburn, which supports Joe and Russ' innocence. But then she lied and said that Joe and Russ were in a car outside as backup. It was real indicative of the whole Hearst mentality the way Patricia threw Russ and Joe in as an afterthought. We had talked with Patricia for over a year about how they were innocent especially when they were on trial in Sacramento. It was as if Bailey couldn't allow her version let Russ and Joe off the hook. Hearst lawyers are only another flavor of government prosecutors.Willie and Cin really felt bad
after Joe and Russ were charged with the Foster assassination, because Willie had loaned the SLA one of Joe's handguns to modify the identifying characteristics before Willie returned it to Joe. It is obvious now that any gun used in the Foster thing should have been destroyed, especially one that could implicate someone who wasn't involved.Emily
: We first learned about the Foster assassination in the Oakland Tribune. When we heard it was done by revolutionaries, we were really excited. We felt that it was a broadening of revolutionary tactics in this country. That night we went out and bought all the Tribunes we could get our hands on to send the communiqué to our friends. It was only a lot later, after we saw the community's overwhelmingly negative reaction, that we stopped to seriously analyze it. It became pretty obvious that the SLA had made a serious error in using the tactic of assassination at all around the Foster program, and they definitely misjudged the way the community would respond to it.Joe: At first I felt very supportive about the whole thing, and from what I found out during Russ' and my trial, the Foster program was far more vicious than the SLA. had even indicated in their communiqué. Killing Foster put a quick stop to the intended program, but, in effect, it subverted the spontaneous opposition of students, parents and teachers to the program. There had been student strikes, petitions, leaflets and a lot of hell'.raising at school board meetings. At our trial, there was testimony that the program was being pushed through regardless of all the community opposition. Even though the action taken by the SLA temporarily stopped the program, it didn't aid in building more opposition or in drawing more attention to what was coming down; the action scared people away. People were not ready to support something like that. Those who had been publicly calling Foster a fascist pig started making statements about what a good guy he had been, not because they believed it but because they were afraid of being identified with the people who shot him.
Before and during our trial, neither Russ nor I wanted to publicly criticize the action. The SLA was being attacked by people on the Left who saw a chance to legitimize themselves in the eyes of the state. We didn't care to legitimize ourselves or in any way be identified with those fools on the Left - - we certainly didn't want to be used by them to attack the SLA. No one was making any objective criticisms of the action at the time. We threw people out of the visiting room at the jail who wanted us to denounce the assassination as a condition for supporting our defense. We knew that we could have filled the courtroom with these jive leftists if we were willing to mimic their opportunistic politics, but we were much happier With guerrilla support and a few strong folks in the courtroom. We were innocent of the charges without attacking the SLA and only accepted support on that basis.
Russ: I think one of the main problems that became clear with the Foster killing was the "vanguard" mentality of the SLA: the idea that revolutionaries have to take action for people - -lead them- - whether people understand it or not. It's a paternalistic attitude. People in the SLA knew that Foster's program was a prototype and figured they could stop it by killing Foster and Blackburn and scaring the school board. But it would have been better in the long run to have slowly intensified action starting with broken office windows, spray-painting the walls, firebombing the school board offices and then bombing the local LEAA office.
After cross examining John Lenser - - the local LEAA pig who tried to defend it on the witness stand - - 'I think U anyone needed to be offed, he would" have been the best choice, but only after a protracted guerrilla campaign. It's a question of the underground complementing existing struggles as opposed to completely taking the initiative away from them. I think that white Leftists who denounced the action solely because a black man was killed showed themselves to be suffering from, severe case of 60's liberal hang over.
Joe: It is important to point out that although we have criticisms of the Foster assassination, we no way intend for this to be interpreted as a denunciation of politcal assassinations as a valid revolutionary tactic. We are primarily criticizing the timing of the Foster action, but we can see many other situations where such an action would be both necessary and correct.
A SECOND SLA UNIT IS FORMED
Russ: Willie and I first met Bill, Emily and Joe in Jan. 1973 at a community film showing about the rebellion and slaughter at Attica state prison in 1971. Willie led discussion on the prison movement after the film and Joe, Emily, and Bill later talked to Willie and me
about our involvement with California prisoners.We started seeing each other often after that- -usually at Venceremos-sponsored political events or at events centered around the prison movement- -and eventually we got together and formed a prison collective to coordinate the work we were doing in the prisons.
Emily
: Bill and I left Indiana for the Bay Area in 1972 because we wanted to learn more about what was happening in a place that seemed to us Midwesterners to be the nucleus of radical activity. By that time, one of our good friends, Angela Atwood, had already moved out and was living in Berkeley.Angela had been involved in antiwar demonstrations in Indiana along with Bill and me, and after she came to the Bay Area she worked as a waitress and later became active in trying to unionize a lot of
San Francisco's restaurants.We
started working with Venceremos mainly because Bill met Joe at a Safeway store where Joe was handing out some leaflets for the farmworkers and Bill was registering folks to vote in the Oakland election- - Bobby Seale was running for mayor. Joe was in Venceremos at the time and he told Bill about a community get-together where some films were going to be shown and some folks were going to talk about the prison movement. We both went and after that started getting involved in all sorts of community work--local politics, strikes, but mostly prison struggles.Bill: Through Venceremos, Emily, Angela and I got involved in a Marxist-Leninist study group and a self-defense class. Part of the political framework of Vénceremos was a heavy emphasis on armed self-
defense. This was really my first serious exposure to weapons since the training I had gotten in Vietnam. Emily and I kind of linked this with solidifying our ideas concerning armed struggle- - it was really just a logical progression from our support for the Vietnamese struggle to our understanding that at some point armed struggle was inevitable in this country. Since we linked up the need for self-defense with the politics of armed struggle, we saw ourselves as being in a period of preparation for that eventuality. Venceremos certainly believed in a more passive role than the SLA finally took, but armed self-defense was a logical lead-in for several of us.Joe: I started taking a self-defense class with Venceremos and realized I knew more about weapons than the guy who was teaching- - I was constantly contradicting him around ideas he must have gotten from the movies. So people started encouraging me to teach some classes myself. I began studying all the laws around the buying of guns, the ownership and transportation of guns. The idea was to familiarize people with the safe and legal use of weapons. I wouldn't have anything to do with weapons that I didn't consider self-defense weapons- -like high powered rifles-- because defending yourself doesn't mean jeopardizing other people's lives. We'd start with the laws, go on emergency first aid- -how to stop bleeding. Then we got into safe handling of weapons. Finally the class would go out to the range.
Emily: The six of us, Willie, Angela, Joe, Bill Russ and me, formed the prison collective in the late summer/early fall of 1973 after Venceremos fell apart due to police harrassment and infiltration I was during this time that we first began to feel each other out around clandestine-type activities. It started kind of slowly when Willie asked us if we'd ever consider helping someone escape, even if it just meant hiding them out. (This was triggered by Cin's escape, although we didn't know it at the time.) Each of us had to consider what we were really committed to doing. We went target shooting a lot on weekends and when we weren't working; and we shared our ideas on urban guerrilla warfare and the underground in this country.
Bill: We were never into prison reform because we couldn't see the point of reforming fascist dungeon Our goal was to act as a communication and support channel for locked-down comrades. You know you can talk about revolution and about revolutionary actions forever, but if you never translate all that talk, those ideas, into actual acts, then the talk don't mean shit. I mean, if some escaped con needed help were we gonna say, "Well sorry, brother, there's really too much heat around our pad. I don't think we should see each other. Good luck-- see how you can do on your own?" Hell no! All of us wanted to be more prepared so we decided to rent a cheap apartment that we could keep cool for such emergencies. We also decided to get some California driver's licenses in fake names so we rented another apartment to use as a mailing address.
After Willie had gotten a sense from Emily, Angela, Russ, Joe and me that we wanted to move in the same general direction as the SLA and that we supported the Foster action, he brought us the SLA documents about the federation to read and discuss. Then he asked us if we wanted to meet with the SLA. He didn't say, "I'm in the SLA." He just said, "I'm in contact with the SLA." It wasn't till later that we learned he was a member. We were really kind of surprised because before this Willie had never let on about anything. I can even remember asking him if he had read the Foster communiqué and he answered me in such a way that suggested he was as surprised by the whole thing as we were.
Joe: There were these SLA members - - Cin, Nancy and Mizmoon (Willie had gone back East to see his family) at the initial meeting and we were asked to think about how we wanted to participate. We basically considered two alternatives - - to continue as an above-ground collective and provide money, technical support and criticism to the SLA; or we could form another combat unit. We talked about it a lot and decide to form another combat unit.
Bill: I remember feeling a combination of excitement, anxiety and nervousness before we went into the house - - you know, wondering what kind of people we'd be meeting. I half expected the SLA members to come on real heavy, but as we walked in from the garage they were all standing there smiling and they embraced each of us warmly. That was something I really hadn't expected. It was kind of like they had known me all along - - like we were old friends.
Emily: One thing that impressed us about the meeting was that no one person seemed to dominate - -it was a very collective process. Later at another meeting the women talked about how we all felt about the possibility of engaging in armed actions -- the fears we had about doing things we had never done before and the sense of pride that we had about ourselves - -that our decision was a total negation of the whole passive feminine indoctrination.
Joe: Our last full SLA meeting was on New Year's Eve. We sat around drinking beer and wine, talking one-to-one, listening to records and just generally, getting to know one another. The next day we had a serious discussion about our plans. Before coming to the meeting, we had decided amongst ourselves it would be best for our unit to move out of Oakland and use the ID's we had gotten to change our identities completely. We thought San Jose might be a good place to go.
Russ: Between that meeting and Joe's and my bust on January 10, 1974, we were making plans to split. Bill and Emily were still working at the time. Emily was a secretary and Bill worked in the post office. They were making good money - - about $900 a month so Angela and Joe were going to make the move first. We wanted to rent a house with a garage because Joe was a mechanic and he wanted to work on cars out of the garage - - you know, kind of a "people's" repair service. When they had everything set up Bill, Emily and I would go down an join them.
JANUARY 10, 1974: RUSS AND JOE'S BUST
Joe: Russ and I were going back to the house in Concord to tell the other folks our final plans. They had showed us all a carbine that had been converted into a fully automatic machine gun, and they were going to give us drawings and an explanation of how to do that. When I got in the van, Russ told me to reach in the back and check out what was there. I pulled out a bag with leaflets in it, multicolored SLA leaflets. We had talked about how if we were going to be two autonomous units, we needed something to identify ourselves besides a name. We decided we'd have a leaflet made up that could not be easily duplicated that we would use for authentication of our actions.
Russ: There was no excuse for the bust. The SLA should never have had a safehouse in Concord, because we didn't fit into that middle-class suburban community. There were nosy neighbors with nine to five jobs who were really suspicious of anyone who wasn't exactly like them. The thought that went into getting a house there was wrong - - people figured that with all the drug raids and police harassment in places like Berkeley and Oakland, a community like Concord would be safer.
Joe and I had never lived in the suburbs, so we didn't realize that driving around at 1:30 a. m. on a week night would look suspicious - -in the city we were used to coming home late. The cop who stopped us wasn't particularly looking for the SLA, he just like to fuck with young, hip-looking people. The lights and everything on the car were in proper working order, and the irony of the whole thing is that in our trial the cop said that was why he pulled us over - - it was suspicious that everything on a van that old would be working! After he checked our licenses, the cop ordered Joe out of the van. He started to pull his gun as Joe was getting out, so Joe pulled his too. The cop got off the first two shots but luckily Joe wasn't hit and was able to fire back.
Joe: After our bust the Concord house was set on fire because Cin, Nancy and Mizmoon were worried that someone would connect the van with the house before they had time to move everything out. They poured gasoline over everything, but the ventilation was so bad that the fire went out. The fire department report we saw at our trial says that if one window had been left open the house would have been destroyed in minutes.
The biggest mistake was having all that written material laying around the house in the first place. Operating with the idea that a certain house will never be found is foolish. Places like that should be kept as clean as if the Man was going to come busting in at any minute; important things should be memorized. The SLA made a major security error by not destroying the surveillance material and the original communiqué on the Foster action.
Emily: Almost immediately after the bust and the aborted fire, the
people in both cells were identified--the van that Joe and Russ were busted in was registered in Nancy's real name and she was identified as the person who had rented the house. It should go without saying that there shouldn't be any possible link between a person's real identity and the houses and vehicles they use for guerrilla activities. Willie, Angela, Bill and I were suspected because of our friendship with Russ and Joe--all of us had lived with Joe at one time or another plus Russ had shown Duge, the cop who stopped him and Joe, his fake ID, and we all had ID sent to that same address - - which was really stupid in retrospect. Mizmoon and Cin were then linked up when Chris Thompson (one of the people that lived at the Chabot Road house) snitched on them and lied about selling Russ a gun in hopes of collecting the $30,000 reward money for the Foster case. So right from the get-go everyone but Camilla lost their anonymity.Russ
: Unfortunately, the folks in house had to split so quickly they weren't sure if they had left any materials that could have linked up other people in the federation, so the SLA was forced to cut loose the infrastructure of support people they had developed. It just happened too soon. We were two months away from having it together two months the organization would have been a lot stronger. Instead after our bust, the SL.A was in the most insecure position it had ever been in, and yet the group jumped into the heaviest action this country has ever seen.
FEBRUARY 4, 1974 HEARST KIDNAPPED FROM HER APARTMENT IN BERKELEY
Emily: There hadn't really been revolutionary kidnapping in the United States so the SLA couldn't predict how much bargaining power that action would give them. The main demand
- - the food program was conceived as a way to involve a lot of people in a guerrilla action - - to have them take part in the results of that action so that revolutionaries could begin to be seen as a valid part of their everyday lives. Also, the food program was a test to see how the Hearst family would comply with demands to give the SLA a basis for judging whether to demand Russ and Joe's release. That's why it was called a good-faith gesture. When the SLA saw the Hearsts' reluctance to even minimally comply with the $6 million food demand, they knew getting Russ and Joe out was unrealistic, and they felt it was important not to destroy the momentum created by issuing a further demand that the Hearsts would refuse to meet.The third objective was to force a family that owned or controlled vast segments of the mass media to print revolutionary communiqués and documents in full. As one of the main sources of information for people in this country, newspapers usually only give selected snatches of news unless they are catering to government needs. Revolutionary communiqués are chopped up and
printed with reactionary and distorted editorial analysis. The SLA wanted them to demonstrate that if the pressure was right the media could be forced to represent revolutionary actions is such a way that people could judge for themselves.BILL: Also there was a parallel being drawn - - Patricia Hearst was seen as a POW just as Russ and Joe were POW's and warnings were put out that her condition was going to correspond to their conditions of incarceration. The implication, of course, was that if the goons at San Quentin messed with Russ and Joe then Patricia Hearst's safety would be endangered.
Shortly after Joe and Russ got busted they got take to San Quentin. a real fascist move considering
that prisoners at Quentin have all been convicted and they hadn't even been formally charged with a crime. They were dealt with in the most brutal way - - they were gassed, beaten and taken on a "tour" of the gas chamber. But as a result of their confinement did get a little better.Russ
: At first we were surprised that they would do anything like the kidnapping because we figured they would just be trying to survive and regroup. Sure, we were high off the action. The dudes we were with in San Quentin's Adjustment Center got off on it. They stayed up all that night celebrating - -singing and yelling and beating on the walls and bars.But as far as far as kidnappings go
, it's always better to snatch someone who is righteous pig. In that sense, it would have been better to get Randy or Catherine, but, at the time, an action of that type was beyond what the SLA could have realistically pulled off. I mean, Patricia just lived in Berkeley like any other student, while her parents lived in a fancy suburb, surrounded by security.Emily: Russ and Joe's capture put the SLA on the defensive and nearly eliminated the support infrastructure they had been in the process of building. They never really recovered from this setback. The Hearst kidnapping was intended to win back the initiative - - the offensive - -and then create the conditions of popular support so they could rebuild a strong base. Even though the action itself and the food program did succeed in bringing the SLA a lot of spontaneous support, many problems resulted - - the SLA underestimated the all-out reaction of the police. Their impatience pushed them to a premature action--premature in the sense that they were unprepared to coordinate and bring together and organize the spontaneous momentum sparked by their actions. The isolation that resulted led to some of the other errors. The SLA really suffered from a lack of feedback from outside the group.
Joe: If they had just hidden out and kept track of what was happening for a few months, they would have realized that the whole SLA support infrastructure was still secure and together. Things had been growing rapidly from right after the Foster assassination until we got busted. They could have rebuilt their ties with the federation, gotten some new ID's and safe houses and had things back together in six months time.
THE FOOD PROGRAM
Emily: Members of the SLA stood in the food lines to find out the reaction and effects of the program. Most people there were amazed at how many other folks actually needed food. Even though they needed it themselves, they hadn't realized how many others were in a similar situation- -they weren't alone in their problems. It really emphasized certain contradictions; that in this society, which is supposed to be so plentiful, thousands of people are hungry enough that they'll stand in long lines for only small amounts of food. They couldn't even be sure they would get the food 'cause a lot of times the food ran out. Everybody there was hip to the contradiction that at the drop of a hat this rich family could feed all of them, but wouldn't do it unless they were forced.
Bill: People were angry at the quality of the food they were getting. One woman had a can of food that said "hominy" or something on the outside; when she opened it up, it was like dog food. They were bugged about the media, too, seeing the guys with the TV cameras. They'd say stuff like: "If those fools come up here, I'm gonna break that goddamn thing- - the SLA said they didn't want no damned cameras around here".
EMILY: There was a high level of consciousness and solidarity among the folks standing in the food lines. They didn't see it as charity or "blood money". They were proud and felt like they deserved the food. I think it's unfortunate that a lot of white people seemed embarrassed to go. A lot of initial food distribution centers were in predominantly black communities and the Hearst propaganda tried to develop a racist pride in white people that they were "too good to get that food" or to admit that they were poor and hungry too. There were just as many white people as any other race that needed the food. The SLA thought it was important that there be food distribution centers in a wide variety of places so that people wouldn't have to leave the community they lived in and felt comfortable in; that they should be able to stand in line with people from their community.
BILL: Patricia Hearst heard about the food distribution on the radio and it gave her the most positive sense of what the kidnapping meant. She could see concretely that there are people who are too poor to be able to afford sufficient food and her dad had a lot of money and he could be forced to help feed them
.PAT
RICIA HEARST JOINS THE SLAEmily: "Conversion" is really a bad word. It's been used so many times, I catch myself using it. It wasn't an overnight process because change just doesn't happen like that. With Patty, the process began, I'm convinced, even before the kidnap. She had been very dissatisfied with her life.
Bill: Let's face it--so many people, no matter what their class position, are demoralized by the quality of their life based on the myth of true happiness- - their projection of the American Dream. I think it's clear that Patty was a very unhappy person. Within a few days after her kidnapping she started to raise questions about the SLA's perspective on her family as a ruling-class enemy.
Emily: After the first few days she had the opportunity to talk with anyone she wanted to, if they weren't busy with something else. Willie would read a lot to her and rap about his experiences with revolutionary prisoners. She heard all the news on TV and radio and when the SLA realized how disturbing and demoralizing it was for her, they tried to explain what was happening and why. The event that terrified her most was a raid on a house in Oakland. The police suspected that they had found the SLA hideout so they surrounded it and rushed it with a SWAT team. Patty began to feel that her life was in danger because of the irresponsibility of the police and wondered why her parents were taking so long to comply with the demands It was clear to her that her father had the resources to meet the SLA 's demand for $6 million worth of food, but it was a real shock for her to consider that there were corporate interests that were far more important to him than the safe return of his daughter. She was amazed that he would risk her safety just so he could keep the American people in the dark about the extent of wealth at his fingertips. She heard Randolph on TV saying he just couldn't do any more, like he was helpless or something. She'd say, "That's not like him, someone else is writing it for him- - it just doesn't sound like him." She was more hip than anyone to the whole propaganda campaign.
Bill: These experiences produced some changes in Patty. Cin was actually more sensitive than anyone else about what she was going through. He began to see the difficulties she'd have in returning to a life that had held very little meaning for her before- -and that had even less now. He talked to her about this and then mentioned to the rest of the folks that they should consider the possibility that Patricia might want to remain with the SLA. At first everyone laughed; then when they realized Gin was serious, most people were against it. I think that those of
us in the SLA that were from more middle-class backgrounds were a lot less impressed with what Patricia did. But for Cin it was a very heavy thing--he had a lot of love for her based on that. You might think that a committed revolutionary who had been in prison for such a long time would take the hardest line against a woman like Patricia, but Gin felt that her renunciation of her family and her candid awareness of their role were really monumental changes- -especially when this rich young woman decided to give it all up to become a guerrilla. Ultimately the others began to understand that she seriously wanted to "stay" and they felt that to send her back to her family would be to turn her over to the wolves. They also realized what an inspiration it would be to other people when they learned that Patricia Hearst had decided to remain with the revolutionaries who had kidnapped her. It would represent the potential in everyone to change.
Emily
: She saw a viable alternative to her previous life and she already had a sense of the warmth and humanity of the people who were struggling to achieve that alternative. In the end she wanted to be a part of it. The SLA took the position, though, that she had to show she understood the implications of a decision like that and was ready to deal with all the hardships that, the life entailed- - that she was ready to struggle to become a revolutionary person. As a final assurance before the SLA released the communiqué saying that Tania was staying with them, Cin asked her one last time if she wanted to go home to her family and friends. She laughed and said, "no way."Bill: It's like she didn't become part of the SLA just because someone thought it was a neat idea. I don't think anyone wanted to have some deadweight hanging around 'for nothing more than some good propaganda. Each of the members questioned her relentlessly to try to catch any weakness or romanticism in her decision- -and tried to shake the confidence of her decision because the strength of
the group would depend on her as an individual as much as anyone else.She chose the name Tania herself. The SLA had a copy of that
book Tania, the diary and letters of the woman who was killed with Che in Boliva and Patty was reading it. The charge that Patty was intimidated into joining the SLA is ridiculous. It was her own decision - - not the result of any coercion or some mystical event or magic penis. Patricia thought it was disgusting how the media hypothesized that Cin had lured her into the SLA based on the enticement of black sexuality. I'll tell you, Cin never showed her anything but kindness- -he was more like a big brother. Matter of fact, he was one of the first people to reassure her that she would not be mistreated in any way. But some people can't accept that, particularly her family. They've got to find some way to justify Patty's past behavior- -to maintain the power of their class and to negate what Tania represented.Emily: Of course the process that Patricia went through in the year and a half prior to her arrest has to be seen now in the context of subsequent events. Looking back on it, the SLA made an error in accepting her decision to stay with the group and not return to her family. Even though this was a terrific inspiration to many people in the short-term sense, the SLA should have had more foresight into the potential problems. Everyone got too caught up in sentimentality- - their growing attachment and love for Patricia- -and did not objectively consider the added burden that Patricia's presence would create.
Joe: Letting Hearst stay was an example of the media effect taking precedence over more important considerations. Everyone realize her decision was a real propaganda coup for the SLA- -here she was joining all these so-called terrorists who had kidnapped her out of the arms of her lover. But we remembered when we had joined- -the SLA was real careful about how solid our political commitment was.
There were a lot of people who would have joined the SLA if we had approached them--people whom we met through the aboveground political work we were doing, but we knew they were flaky (they've proved it since our bust). The SLA would go to great pains to make sure someone's commitment was not based on romanticism or adventurism- -we had talked about that a lot. You'd have to look a long way to find any more dedicated folks.
Russ: They had a big session before our cell decided to join- -questioning, particularly the couples in the group. You know, if they were joining just to be able to stay with their partner and whether if one of them decided to leave or got captured or killed, what would the other one do. It's obvious now and should have been then that there's no way in hell Hearst was ready to become an urban guerrilla. She was basically an apolitical person from a ruling class background entering a fugitive, guerrilla-type existence, and her decision could not have been based on a full knowledge of what that meant. What they should have done was send her home and let her tell her story to the press. We never expected her parents to cough up that other $4 million if she went back home, and that would have been very educational for her and a lot of other folks too.
APRIL 15, 1974: THE HIBERNIA BANK ROBBERY*
* 5 members of the SLA were successful in expropriating over $11,000 from the Hibernia Bank
Emily: The main reason expropriations are important to revolutionaries, and the main reason the SLA did the Hibernia bank robbery, was to obtain needed resources. They needed a large amount of money to survive on and at that time no one in the SLA was able to work. The second reason was to verify that Tania had indeed stayed of her own free will.
• Bill: The SLA members who planned and carried out the expropriation thought that if they were going to have problems it wouldn't be with the customers, and in fact no money was taken from anyone who came in there. But-as it turned out; the person who had responsibility for covering the door wasn't in a good spot, and the two men were able. to run out before she was able to get between them and the exit In the excitement, the two men were fired on - a very serious mistake.
Emily~ Everyone was shaken up 'that two people were unnecessarily shot. We see now that it was, an overreaction to thë situation, but it was a split- second decision. Two men-walked in the front door of the bank and were told to lie on the floor with everyone else, and when they turned around and ran out they were fired on--and both were wounded.
Revolutionaries who are involved in armed actions have to take as many precautions to assure the, safety of innocent bystanders as they do to insure their own safety. With uncooperative-people they have to make split-second decisions, but the basic premise of those decisions must be to use the minimum force necessary to still maintain control. Sometimes there's going to be overreaction: sometimes you have to quickly analyze if someone is a curious but innocent bystander, a John Wayne type who wants to be a hero, or an armed plainclothes cop. The decision has to be based on who you think the person is and what they could do to you, and the indecisiveness can easily result in revolutionaries being killed or injured themselves.
After it came out in the papers who the injured people were, the "SLA really felt badly. In retrospect I think that something should have been put out explaining why the mistake was made and also saying that the SLA was sorry that it happened. It's important for revolutionaries to do that. I think a lot of times the SLA was callous about things; they'd say, "Well, it's too bad. that innocent people have to get hurt sometimes, without explaining why it happens or how it makes you feel, or cop to the criticism that it was a careless mistake.
Bill: It was a serious blemish on something that was otherwise extremely well done. And it was the 'first time those folks had ever done something like that, which was another reason for the overreaction.
THE MOVE TO LOS ANGELES
Emily: The heat in San Francisco from the SLA and the Zebra investigations, coupled with the fact that the group had very little infrastructure at that point, made it seem impossible to operate in the Bay Area, so the SLA decided to split into three groups of three and move someplace else. Cm knew a little bit about LA; he had lived there before, and that was kind of the basis, however flimsy, for deciding to go there. It's so huge and spread out that they figured it would be easier to operate there even with the same a-mount of heat they had in San Francisco. The SLA bought three vans with the idea that they could live in them if necessary- -they hadn't made any preliminary preparations before going down there. Each of the vans left separately one night, and Cm picked a shopping center in South Central LA for a meeting point. One unit was sent to look for a temporary place for everyone to live. Some "for rent" signs were found in the immediate area and a place was rented without anyone really analyzing what the implications of being in that area were. They didn't understand the nature of the various communities in LA, being used to the Bay Area where the neighborhoods are much more racially mixed. In South Central Los Angeles white people are really visible and draw a certain amount of attention. The SLA had been their for only four or five days before the shootout happened. The electricity wasn't even hooked up because each unit was going to look for a permanant safe house as soon as possible. The SLA was really making plans to get out of there
.MAY 17, 1974: THE SHOOTOUT
Emily: The worst part of the thing at Mel's Sporting Goods store was there was a parking ticket in the van that we completely forgot about when we abandoned it after splitting from the store. That was how the police located the 84th Street area, where SLA members were staying. Patrica and I felt particularly responsible because we had known it was there- -we were going to mail it that day. If we had just talked about it, we would have gotten rid of the ticket first thing; We always operated that way- -we tried not to carry anything that could potentially lead to a safe house.: Instead it just got tucked away.
Bill: We couldn't contact anyone after the Mel's incident 'cause there was no phone in the 84th Street house. We were afraid that to drive there would potentially lead the police to everyone. The only thing we could do was go to a drive-in that had been selected as a pre-arranged meeting place if anything went down while we were out that day. Unfortunately it turned out to be in the immediate area of Mel's and the other folks never showed up. Our assumption was that they decided not to risk it. We never saw them again.
Emily: The next day, May 17. spent dealing with our own situation. By 3 or 4 p. m. we were pretty good shape- -we bought a car through an ad in the newspaper and got some wigs and clothes new disguises. By late afternoon we were on our way to Anaheim I had worked at Disneyland one summer when I was in college knew the area pretty well. We figured we could check into a motel there for a few days and not at all suspicious- -we'd just be other group of tourists. The tension of the last days was beginning to wear off and we were kind ox high that everything seemed to have worked out okay.
As soon as we walked into the motel room we turned on the TV it was about 5:30 and the whole shootout scene came glaring over the screen. It was so unreal. I said, "It couldn't be them--it's just a mistake- -like the raid on 84th Street this morning." Bill said kind of flatly that he recognized the sound of their weapons the automatic carbines. We watched for hours- -at least it seemed like that- -just sitting on the floor and holding each other. The first things I remember feeling were a numbness and a feeling of disbelief. I couldn't even cry. There was just nothing we could do. We all felt responsible because
of the Mel's thing. Now maybe we can see that a lot of things caused it- - I mean the SLA made a whole lot of errors in coming to LA in the first place- -but at. that moment it seemed so clear that the three of us were to blame.
Bill: Yeah, police agencies didn't know that the SLA was in the LA area until Mel's. Knowing that makes all the other things seem unimportant and the psychological burden of that had been really incredible for me- - I mean how can you describe what it's like to watch the six people you love most in the world being killed? I couldn't sleep that night. It was like there was a record continually going over in my head, "If we just hadn't done this, or if we had just moved faster." My brain was in a turmoil and my heart felt about as big as a trash can. The next day we got the Times and there was a whole page of pictures- - one was of a body that was burnt beyond recognition. But we knew who it was- - the pigs couldn't identify it- - but we knew. It was Willie. We could tell by a belt buckle he had on.
None of us came into the SLA with delusions that we were indestructible or that the pigs would be anything less than brutal if any of us got surrounded. What I'm trying to say is that making the decision had, within it, some understanding of what the consequences
are. And knowing that the pigs aren't gonna show people like the SLA any kind of mercy on the field of battle is no different than us knowing that they're going to railroad us in a court of law. I mean we weren't surprised that they mobilized an army of 500 to kill six people without even giving them a chance to surrender. It don't take 500 pigs to insure a surrender. Let's face it--the SWAT team wouldn't know a surrender if they saw one. That was a search and destroy operation- -any Vietnam vet who saw it knows that's what it was- -we saw it a thousand times in Vietnam- -and the folks in that house knew it too. That fire wasn't a fluke. It's standard practice- - the scorched earth policy brought home.Emily: In terms of numbers, don't think we broke it down so expected 500 police to surround our house. But in terms of the going all-out to kill members o the SLA- -we knew that they had done that right from the very beginning.
There was even a working phone in that house and there wa never any attempt made to communicate with the folks inside. In fact, it's possible that Nancy and Camilla were trying to surrender after the fire caught in the house. They were both shot by snipers as soon as they came out of the house.
I know all of them were afraid but I feel a lot of pride for the courage they showed. Cin could have even walked away from the whole thing- - police interviews of witnesses in the neighborhood show that he had drifted unnoticed through the crowds that afternoon when the police started surrounding the house. He could have just kept walking- -he knew what was happening but he didn't want to split on his comrades.
LOOKING BACK
Emily: One of the main criticisms that I have was how the SLA got caught up in a sensationalized portrayal of the organization through the media. Revolutionaries can't do that- - they have to keep their ideas and their actions grounded in reality. I think in some ways the drama of the whole thing even discouraged people. They began to see the SLA as such a fantasy that the group lost its potential for motivating other people to act and participate in some form of revolutionary struggle.
The SLA put out this image of themselves as much more sophisticated, much more powerful than they actually were. There was a serious discussion of all this within the group because of a communiqué that Joe and Russ put out from prison. It said that they thought the whole idea of Nancy calling Cinque a prophet was really ridiculous and that the SLA was getting too arrogant. That initiated a lot of self-criticism within the SLA. But the SLA never gave other people a sense that they were learning anything from these errors.
Joe: We were principled and comradely, but we had to point out that although we loved them, we were revolutionaries before we were members of the SLA. What we saw bothered us because it was leading in a direction that we had seen destroy other groups in the past. What was maybe the most self-destructive error made by the SLA was that although they initially meant to use the media for revolutionary ends, they underestimated its controlling power and eventually became so completely tied up by it that they lost all contact with reality outside of an artificially staged media context. Working within the context of the corporate media can be as overpowering and destructive as working within the system. The media subtly turned the SLA into a performing act that could be depended upon for regular bits of sensationalism. They got to the point of performing with less and less regard for political content or personal safety.
Russ: We felt the whole taped Communiqué #8--the one where Hearst announced that she was joining showed an unbelievable amount of arrogance. It really bothered us much more than we let on- -we felt it was the culmination of a lot of negative trends that had developed and hoped our criticisms would bring them back to reality. We knew they were temporarily high off Patty's decision to join, but we were hoping they would just kick back and reflect.
The SLA wanted to project what a relatively small group of people can do- that we are not as powerless as we are led to believe. The impact of SLA actions proved this point, but it would have been driven home even more if the whole mystique of the SLA had been deal with. The SLA was not an army, but they chose that name because they anticipated the need to build the nucleus of a future people's army. Things like that should have been explained and put into perspective. If there was no people's court, then the SLA shouldn't have referred to one. The SLA should have placed the underground in its proper context as one facet of a protracted struggle waged on many levels, legal and illegal where all forms of struggle are developed harmoniously around the axis of armed struggle.
The SLA also started directing too much: of their language at. The pigs and the left. Distinctions were not clearly made, so a couple of times white folks in general were denounced when in fact the SLA meant to direct their criticism at the opportunistic whites in the left.
Bill: That whole business with death warrants that came out that tape was totally screwed The worst thing about it was the SLA called Robyn Steiner a police agent based on some misinformation, when in fact she hadn't done anything and she actually knew nothing to give away. anyway. There just wasn't any investigation before putting out something as serious as that, an that was inexcusable, considering that a woman's life was put in. jeopardy. And even after Russ and Joe criticized the SLA for this serious error, the charge was never publicly retracted- -another mistake. People should be denounced as police agents unless it have been proven conclusively.
Russ: We really freaked out when we heard that Robyn had been named as an informer- - shit, she didn't even have the knowledge they said she did and we knew she was under all kinds of harassment from the pigs and that she was being very cool. Picture this--here's this woman that I had lived
with over two years and loved with all my heart and my best friends put out a death warrant on her. It was like a nightmare!Emily
: It became clear that in the Bay Area the black community was overall the most supportive of the food program and that many folks on the streets were talking about Cin (DeFreeze) as some sort of hero. The SLA sensed this and instead of keeping their good sense of what leadership means- -leadership by example- - they responded by trying to give people their hero.Bill
: Revolutions need direction and exemplary leadership. but not heroes. Heroes subvert the fact that change comes about by lots of people taking action. What good is a hero if that makes everyone just sit around feeling inadequate and waiting for some revolutionary "superstar" to do everything for them?The idea of doing tape recordings instead of written communiqués came from a desire to project the members of the SLA as real people-
- to humanize the whole process and make it less abstract. That was the initial intention, but it definitely got turned around, mostly by the SLA members themselves. They began to project a kind of cold militarism with all the military titles and the release of certain aspects of the program, especially the Codes of War. It's especially weird that this happened because, as revolutionaries, we stood against authoritarianism and hierarchy and the militaristic orientation toward discipline for discipline's sake. Yet, for the effects of propaganda, the SLA projected some of the very qualities that the group, as revolutionaries opposed.• Emily: The militarism was macho and alienating. It's ironic
that this propaganda ploy, used to project a false strength to the police, actually undercut the real strengths and leadership that was being shown by the women in the group and fed into the ridiculous line that Cm was a tyrant who was followed obediently by the women.Any group of men and women has macho tendencies and will place only token importance on women's needs and interests unless the women themselves make them a priority and move the group in that positive direction. Failure to do this was clearly a weakness among the folks I worked with in Venceremos, and it was carried over into the SLA. After the Hearst kidnapping the SLA was putting most of its time and energy into just trying to survive. The shared experience made all of us incredibly close, but we really never had the opportunity to refine our ideas together-
- in particular, how we collectively weighted the importance of women's oppression in relation to race and class oppression. Therefore, our role as women within the group was somewhat unclear. We came from very diverse experiences. Nancy was mistrustful of any focus on women's liberation. She was very aware of the resentments and frustrations of black women who felt that many feminists ignored the problems of being black and poor. Mizmoon and Camilla shared a belief that the development of revolutionary strategy necessitated a focus by Women on women's liberation. Angela and I were more ambivalent about how we felt at the time. All of us struggled against the internal sexism of the group and we all agreed that women must play active roles in everything we did- -that our leadership capabilities were crucial to the overall strength of the group. We felt that the examples women set through the SLA's actions could help break down the narrowness of women's roles in society, But because we had not yet developed a unified perspective about the special goals of the women's struggle, this was an obvious gap in the propaganda.Certain segments of the Left tend to box in and minimize the importance of struggling against sexism-
- it's seen as a side issue or a separate issue or something that can be dealt with at some future date. But for me, sexism is the form of oppression that I've felt the most directly. Other women play see this differently because of their different experiences, but the fact remains that sex, race and class are intertwined--to understand and fight against one we've got to fight all three.For women to be free to be themselves, and play whatever role they choose in rebuilding a, new society, the struggle against sexism can't progress just within the narrow framework of one- to-one struggles between men and women or by a few women achieving token leadership. It's got to be fought by developing a strategy
to expose and destroy all forces that use sexism to divide and pacify us.
POSITVE OVERVIEW
Russ: I think its fair to say that the
SLA generated more spontaneous support because of the Hearst kidnapping/food giveaway- - propaganda of the deed- - than any above-ground revolutionary organization in this country now has. They obviously learned from the mistakes of the Foster action, which had seemed sound theoretically but didn't work out in practice, and translated their revolutionary politics into the most significant single guerrilla action yet to take place in the U. S. The demand for free food underlined the polarization between the rich and the poor and drew over 30, 000 people into the action. Poor and hungry people everywhere identified with the' SLA. Millions of people read and heard what the SLA had to say and were politicized in varying degrees. They also forced most of the "movement heavies" to once again expose themselves as nothing more than liberal reformists and opportunists who constantly try to defuse the revolutionary struggle when it goes beyond their own personal control. These fools turn more people off to revolution than they ever inspire.When
thinking about what the SLA accomplished, we've also got to remember that it was only 10 guerrillas- - 10 people who took the most powerful state in the world to task. What if it had been 100 guerrillas or 1,000? The fact that our six comrades were killed and the four of us are captives is not due to the invincibility of the state, but to our own mistakes and impatience. There's no doubt in my mind that the SLA proved the validity of urban guerrilla warfare as a military/political strategy for furthering the revolutionary struggle.The SLA actions presented white revolutionaries, especially women, in a positive role. The 3 original white members of the SLA and the
5 who joined later were in part motivated by what we felt was a need for whites to intensify their participation in the underground struggle. We felt it was necessary to go beyond symbolic bombings to other guerrilla tactics that had formerly been the exclusive domain of non-whites in this country. In fact the SLA as a whole felt that U. S. guerrillas had gotten into a static position by refusing to move on a varied tactical level. We related very strongly to Blood in My Eye, by George Jackson and especially to For the Liberation of Brazil, by Carlos Marighella, which describes a wide variety of tactics open to urban guerrillas. We also read everything we would on the Tupamaros in Uruguay and urban guerrilla warfare in general as well as studying the international actions of the Palestinian and Japanese Red Army guerrillas.The future society talked about in the goals of the
SLA was one that abolished prisons; put great emphasis on respecting the freedom, self-determination and culture of all peoples; returned man management of all institutions, industries, communities, and lands directly to the people, and encouraged mutual aid and cooperation in providing meaningful education and work for all people and in developing positive roles that allow people to form new values and relationshipsJoe:
When Russ and I joined the SLA we were going thru some political changes based on our observations and experiences while working with different factions of the left. We had become as alienated from party centralism as from the state control we experienced in our everyday lives and we were beginning to identify both as manifestations of the same authoritarian impulse. These feelings were only beginning to change our entire political perspective as we still had many vanguardist tendencies and had not yet completely grasped the revolutionary alternative that we were moving toward. In reviewing the internal political documents of the SLA the contradictory tendencies of being in the process of moving from an authoritarian to an anti-authoritarian perspective can be seen.The SLA has been criticized for making a poor attempt at Marxist-Leninist politics when in fact the attempt was consciouly away from these politics. As members of the SLA we took up the philosophy of revolutionary direct action as a tactic to provide the initiative and incentive we felt was necessary to get people out of the stagnant dogma and practice so characteristic of the "New Left".
The SLA made many mistakes but we must accept mistakes as the price we must pay for our apprenticeship as revolutionaries. These mistakes have to be made
now and learned from before the lives of many become dependent on direct and effective action.Those who allowed subjective political prejudices to blind them from seeing the SLA's victories as well as their mistakes have missed a valuable learning experience. Successful revolutionary struggles don't fall from the sky or jump out of books. The value of the lessons learned from the SLA will be felt through the actions of revolutionaries who have their feet planted firmly in reality. People who act like they've never made a mistake are either lying or sitting on their pompous theoretical asses.
1976: MOVING TOWARD A SOCIAL REVOLUTION
Russ: During the two years since the LA shootout, Joe and I have had an opportunity to get back in touch with the subjective reasons behind our decisions to become conscious revolutionaries. We were originally attracted to the
revolutionary struggle because of our alienation from this society and our desire for a truly classless society where people manage all aspects of their own lives and where "from each according to their abilities, to all according to their needs" is a reality on all levels- - socially, sexually, culturally as well as economically.Before joining the SLA, we were fully disillusioned with the Marxist parties and their sectarian political lines but had never
been exposed to anarchist theory and practice. For the past year, we have been reading everything on anarchism we could get past the prison censors. We are presently trying to rid ourselves o the vanguardist attitudes we developed during our association with Marxist politics.Joe: We now feel that all forms
of revolutionary organization should act as a catalyst within the popular movement and should be structured in such a way that eventually they will be completely absorbed by it. We not only believe that people have the ability to create a new society but also that they have the ability to lead themselves. The idea of a "new" dictatorship or of using an assembly line as the model for a "new" society doesn't come close to what we are fighting for; actually it bears more than a slight resemblance to the kind of oppressive society we intend to change. We want a revolutionary change- - not just a shift of power- - our struggle is for social revolution.
Emily
: The four of us are the last remaining members of the SLA. But this isn't really demoralizing to us because the number of underground revolutionary groups has grown and many of these groups are operating in a way that will insure their continued survival. Mistakes are unavoidable at this stage, but it's inexcusable not to learn from your mistakes. Many of the principles of the SL.A are shared by other groups, and in that sense the spirit of the SLA will always be carried on, no matter what the name of the group or organization.
For information on the SLA and the Upcoming Myrna Opsahl Murder Trail
SARAOLSONDEFENSE.ORG (official defense website) (now offline)
Originally posted July 01, 2001
Last updated August 25, 2002
(Minor correction in color coding, spelling and spacing and changed email link to currently used. No substantive changes)